Abstract This article addresses the Brazilian government’s response to the covid-19 pandemic, particularly the public health surveillance and epidemic intelligence system. It traces the evolution of disease surveillance as a response to the International Health Regulations in the context of global health. Executive orders published in the official gazette, Diário Oficial da União, are analyzed, as well as the actors and groups formed to tackle the pandemic between January 2020 and March 2022. The founding assumption is that epidemic intelligence must be placed at the service of public health. Bureaucratic tension and changes in protagonism among different groups can be observed as these intelligence mechanisms were dismantled.

Resumo O artigo aborda a resposta do governo brasileiro à pandemia da covid-19, enfatizando o sistema de vigilância em saúde e de inteligência epidemiológica. Retoma a evolução da vigilância em resposta às normas do Regulamento Sanitário Internacional, no contexto da saúde global. Analisa os atos do Executivo publicados no Diário Oficial da União e se detém nos atores e grupos formados para o enfrentamento da pandemia da covid-19 de janeiro de 2020 até março de 2022. Parte da premissa de que a inteligência epidemiológica deve estar a serviço da saúde pública. Constata-se que certo tensionamento burocrático e a transferência de protagonismo entre grupos marcam o desmonte dos mecanismos de inteligência.

Resumo Analisa as experiências de adoecimento por câncer de mama de mulheres em tratamento no Hospital do Câncer III do Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro. Argumenta que parte da experiência das mulheres entrevistadas foi construída pela interação entre a convivência familiar e a mobilização de diferentes significados culturais da doença e da feminilidade, negociando sentidos para entidades biomédicas. O estudo resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa de inspiração etnográfica, que entrevistou mulheres em tratamento de câncer de mama ao longo de 2015. Parte dos depoimentos para discutir a interação da sociedade com as entidades biomédicas para a significação do câncer no Brasil entre as décadas de 1990 e 2010.

Abstract The paper analyses illness experiences of breast cancer in women undergoing treatment at the Hospital of Cancer III of the National Institute of Cancer. It argues that part of the interviewed women’s experience was constructed from the interaction between family coexistence and the mobilisation of different cultural meanings of the disease and femininity, negotiating senses for biomedical entities. The study results from a qualitative research of ethnographic inspiration that interviewed women undergoing treatment from breast cancer during 2015. It draws on the accounts to discuss the interaction of society with biomedical entities for the significance of cancer in Brazil between the 1990s and 2010s.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effect of rootstocks (IAC 572 and IAC 766) and potassium fertilization at different concentrations (0, 75, 150 and 300 kg·ha-1 K2O) on the phenology and thermal demand of the Niagara Rosada grapevine, and to evaluate the development of chemical traits during maturation stage. The length of the main phenological stages was recorded within two production seasons. Total thermal demand was calculated using the degree-day concept. The berries’ titratable acidity and soluble solids contents were determined during maturation. Results indicated that IAC 572 and IAC 766 rootstocks along with potassium fertilization had no influence on the phenological cycle or thermal demand of the Niagara Rosada grapevine. The production cycle lasted 144 to 148 days with thermal demands ranging from 1,465.2 to 1,615.1 degree-days. For better grape quality, i.e., with a balance between soluble solids and acidity levels, it is estimated that the grape harvest is carried out around 21 to 24 days after the veraison.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de 19 porta-enxertos clonais sobre o crescimento vegetativo e os teores de nutrientes nas folhas dos pessegueiros (Prunus persica) 'BRS Kampai' e 'BRS Rubimel'. No período de 2014 a 2018, foram realizados dois ensaios em campo, nos municípios de Jarinu e Jundiaí, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as cultivares BRS Kampai e BRS Rubimel enxertadas em 19 porta-enxertos clonais, além de suas copas autoenraizadas, em Jarinu e Jundiaí, respectivamente. Em Jarinu, os porta-enxertos Barrier, Cadaman, 'Capdeboscq', Flordaguard, GxN9, I-67-52-4, 'Okinawa', México Fila-1, Nemared, Tsukuba-2 e Tsukuba-3, além da copa autoenraizada, apresentaram melhor desempenho para crescimento vegetativo e teores de nutrientes nas folhas. Em Jundiaí, todos os genótipos, exceto Marianna 2624 e Mirabolano 29C, não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quanto ao crescimento vegetativo. O desempenho de 'BRS Kampai' e 'BRS Rubimel' autoenraizadas é similar ao dos porta-enxertos tradicionais, como 'Okinawa'. Assim, as cultivares-copa avaliadas podem ser consideradas alternativa interessante para locais com condições bióticas e abióticas de solo adequadas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of 19 clonal rootstocks on the vegetative growth and foliar nutrient contents of the 'BRS Kampai' and 'BRS Rubimel' peach (Prunus persica) trees. In the period of 2014 to 2018, two field trials were carried out in the municipalities of Jarinu and Jundiaí, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel cultivars, budded on 19 clonal rootstocks, besides their own-rooted scions, were evaluated in Jarinu and Jundiaí, respectively. In Jarinu, the Barrier, Cadaman, 'Capdeboscq', Flordaguard, GxN9, I-67-52-4, 'Okinawa', México Fila-1, Nemared, Tsukuba-2, and Tsukuba-3 rootstocks, as well as the own-rooted scion, showed the best performance for vegetative growth and foliar nutrient contents. In Jundiaí, all genotypes, except Marianna 2624 and Mirabolano 29C, did not show any statistical difference regarding vegetative growth. The performance of own-rooted 'BRS Kampai' and 'BRS Rubimel' is similar to that of traditional rootstocks, such as 'Okinawa'. Therefore, the evaluated scion cultivars may be an interesting alternative for sites with suitable biotic and abiotic soil conditions.

ABSTRACT The expansion of blackberry cropping in subtropical regions is recent, requiring adaptability studies and the development of new cultivars, as well as suitable plant management. Aiming to study adaptability and agronomic performance of blackberry (Rubus spp.) under drastic summer pruning in a subtropical region, the response of four blackberry cultivars (‘BRS Tupy’, ‘Guarani’, ‘Brazos’ and ‘Choctaw’) to N and K fertilization was evaluated during two growing seasons in Jundiaí (Brazil). The experiment used split-plots in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The plots consisted of combinations of three N rates (75, 150 and 300 kg·ha–1·year–1) and three K rates (50, 100 and 200 kg·ha–1·year–1 of K2O) in factorial arrangement and an additional control treatment without fertilizer application. In the subplots, four cultivars of blackberry were studied. Considering fruit yield, accumulation of phytomass and mineral elements, as well as the nutrient efficiency use, the cultivars that showed greater adaptation to cultivation in a subtropical area under drastic summer pruning management are ‘Brazos’, ‘Guarani’, ‘BRS Tupy’ and ‘Choctaw’, in that order. An annual application of 120 and 67 kg·ha–1 of N and K2O, respectively, is expected to be sufficient to achieve maximum economic yield.

ABSTRACT Most Brazilian soils have restrictions on agricultural use related to acidity and nutrient availability. This study aims to evaluate a zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) mining by-product (Zincal™), regarding its capacity to correct soil acidity, and to serve as a source of Zn. For evaluation of its efficacy, a comparison with dolomite + Zn sulfate was conducted. The experiment was set up in two soils, a Quartzarenic Neosol and a Red Latosol, and conducted under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Treatments consisted in the application of two doses, aiming at 75 and 95% base saturation of both liming materials, as well as in a control treatment without acidity correction. The effect of said treatments on pH, base saturation, Al3+, H+Al, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn, Mn and Pb contents were evaluated over 120 days. Similar responses were obtained from both liming materials, regarding their capacity to increase the pH of the soil, reduce Al3+ and potential acidity (H+Al), and increase base saturation. Differences observed in these attributes were dose-related. In regard to Ca and Mg, the content released in soil correlates with the content present in the liming materials. Zincal™ released more Mg and less Ca than dolomite, hence proving to be efficient in releasing Zinc.

Resumo Neste artigo, discutimos os caminhos que levaram o câncer de mama ao estatuto de grande problema de saúde pública e tópico constante de debates pela sociedade brasileira. Tendo como marco temporal o século XX, traçamos um amplo perfil das transformações nas abordagens ao câncer de mama no Brasil com base no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias diagnósticas e terapêuticas e no jogo de forças entre diferentes grupos relacionados à sua implantação. Mostramos como, a partir do desenvolvimento de tecnologias médicas de diagnóstico precoce, deu-se mais atenção ao processo de prevenção à doença, implicando controvérsias sobre a melhor forma de implementar as práticas de prevenção. A análise se caracteriza como um estudo qualitativo de abordagem histórica, dialogando com trabalhos da história da medicina e dos estudos sociais das ciências. A investigação é pautada em fontes médicas (revistas especializadas, anais de congressos, teses, manuais); documentos institucionais e legislativos; jornais e revistas leigas; e um conjunto de entrevistas realizadas pelo projeto “História do Câncer: Atores, Cenários e Políticas Públicas” (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Instituto Nacional de Câncer).

Abstract This study discusses the trajectory of breast cancer to becoming a major public health issue and constant topic of discussions in Brazilian society. We trace an extensive profile on the changes in approach concerning breast cancer in Brazil, considering the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies and the power struggles between the different groups involved in their implementation. We show that with new technologies major attention was directed to the prevention of breast cancer, which led to controversies on how it would be done. The analysis is framed as a qualitative study with a historical approach based on studies of medical history and the Social Sciences. The data were collected from medical sources (specialized journals, congress reports, medical thesis and books); institutional and legislative documents; magazines and newspapers; and a corpus of interviews made by the project “History of Cancer: Actors, Scenarios and Public Policies” (Fiocruz/INCA).

Resumo Neste artigo, discutimos os caminhos que levaram o câncer de mama ao estatuto de grande problema de saúde pública e tópico constante de debates pela sociedade brasileira. Tendo como marco temporal o século XX, traçamos um amplo perfil das transformações nas abordagens ao câncer de mama no Brasil com base no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias diagnósticas e terapêuticas e no jogo de forças entre diferentes grupos relacionados à sua implantação. Mostramos como, a partir do desenvolvimento de tecnologias médicas de diagnóstico precoce, deu-se mais atenção ao processo de prevenção à doença, implicando controvérsias sobre a melhor forma de implementar as práticas de prevenção. A análise se caracteriza como um estudo qualitativo de abordagem histórica, dialogando com trabalhos da história da medicina e dos estudos sociais das ciências. A investigação é pautada em fontes médicas (revistas especializadas, anais de congressos, teses, manuais); documentos institucionais e legislativos; jornais e revistas leigas; e um conjunto de entrevistas realizadas pelo projeto “História do Câncer: Atores, Cenários e Políticas Públicas” (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Instituto Nacional de Câncer).

Abstract This study discusses the trajectory of breast cancer to becoming a major public health issue and constant topic of discussions in Brazilian society. We trace an extensive profile on the changes in approach concerning breast cancer in Brazil, considering the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies and the power struggles between the different groups involved in their implementation. We show that with new technologies major attention was directed to the prevention of breast cancer, which led to controversies on how it would be done. The analysis is framed as a qualitative study with a historical approach based on studies of medical history and the Social Sciences. The data were collected from medical sources (specialized journals, congress reports, medical thesis and books); institutional and legislative documents; magazines and newspapers; and a corpus of interviews made by the project “History of Cancer: Actors, Scenarios and Public Policies” (Fiocruz/INCA).

ABSTRACT This study discusses actors and institution movements leading to the disclosure in 2014 of Resolution 199 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which establishes the National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Persons with Rare Diseases. Taking as sources the mainstream newspapers, drafts law, and secondary literature on the subject, we begin our analysis in the early 1990s when the first patient associations were created in Brazil - mainly for claiming more funds for research on genetic diseases - and arrive at the late 2010s when negotiations for a national policy are taking place in the National Congress. Resolution 199 is part of an ongoing process and the path towards its disclosure and the complications that followed have given us elements to discuss contemporary aspects of the Brazilian public health. Based on the references of the history of the present time and the social studies of science, we argue that two aspects have been fundamental to creating a national policy: framing different illnesses within the terminology “rare diseases” and the construction of a public perception about the right of health which is guaranteed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se analizan los movimientos de actores e instituciones que llevaron a la promulgación, en 2014, de la Resolución 199 del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, que establece la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a las Personas con Enfermedades Raras. Tomando como fuentes los principales periódicos, proyectos de ley y bibliografía secundaria sobre el tema, comenzamos nuestro análisis a principios de la década de 1990 con la creación de las primeras asociaciones de pacientes en Brasil, para reclamar fundamentalmente más fondos para la investigación de enfermedades genéticas, y llegamos a fines de la década de 2010 con las negociaciones para una política nacional. La Resolución 199 es parte de un proceso en curso, en el que el camino hacia la promulgación y las complicaciones posteriores nos dan elementos para discutir aspectos actuales de la salud pública brasileña. Sobre la base de la historia del tiempo presente y los estudios sociales de la ciencia, argumentamos que hay dos aspectos que han sido fundamentales para crear una política nacional: enmarcar diferentes enfermedades en la terminología “enfermedades raras” y la construcción de una percepción pública sobre el derecho a la salud, que se garantiza en la Constitución brasileña de 1988.

ABSTRACT This study discusses actors and institution movements leading to the disclosure in 2014 of Resolution 199 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which establishes the National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Persons with Rare Diseases. Taking as sources the mainstream newspapers, drafts law, and secondary literature on the subject, we begin our analysis in the early 1990s when the first patient associations were created in Brazil - mainly for claiming more funds for research on genetic diseases - and arrive at the late 2010s when negotiations for a national policy are taking place in the National Congress. Resolution 199 is part of an ongoing process and the path towards its disclosure and the complications that followed have given us elements to discuss contemporary aspects of the Brazilian public health. Based on the references of the history of the present time and the social studies of science, we argue that two aspects have been fundamental to creating a national policy: framing different illnesses within the terminology “rare diseases” and the construction of a public perception about the right of health which is guaranteed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se analizan los movimientos de actores e instituciones que llevaron a la promulgación, en 2014, de la Resolución 199 del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, que establece la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a las Personas con Enfermedades Raras. Tomando como fuentes los principales periódicos, proyectos de ley y bibliografía secundaria sobre el tema, comenzamos nuestro análisis a principios de la década de 1990 con la creación de las primeras asociaciones de pacientes en Brasil, para reclamar fundamentalmente más fondos para la investigación de enfermedades genéticas, y llegamos a fines de la década de 2010 con las negociaciones para una política nacional. La Resolución 199 es parte de un proceso en curso, en el que el camino hacia la promulgación y las complicaciones posteriores nos dan elementos para discutir aspectos actuales de la salud pública brasileña. Sobre la base de la historia del tiempo presente y los estudios sociales de la ciencia, argumentamos que hay dos aspectos que han sido fundamentales para crear una política nacional: enmarcar diferentes enfermedades en la terminología “enfermedades raras” y la construcción de una percepción pública sobre el derecho a la salud, que se garantiza en la Constitución brasileña de 1988.

Resumo A entrevista aborda os percursos que ligam as ciências sociais à saúde a partir da trajetória do sociólogo Luiz Antonio de Castro Santos. Participante ativo do processo de integração desses campos, Castro Santos contempla alguns dos desafios enfrentados em sua trajetória profissional como forma de abordar aproximações que nem sempre se revelaram desprovidas de tensões. Conversa rica em fatos e processos, Castro Santos situa alguns dos principais personagens e marcos de uma trajetória que trouxe contribuições tanto para as ciências sociais e a história como, principalmente, para as ciências da saúde.

Abstract This interview discusses the connections between social sciences and health, based on the trajectory of sociologist Luiz Antonio de Castro Santos. Castro Santos was an active participant in the process of integrating these fields, and considers some of the challenges he faced as a way of addressing approaches that were not always devoid of tension. In a conversation rich in facts and processes, Castro Santos describes some of the most important characters and landmarks from a trajectory that contributed to the social sciences and history, and especially to the health sciences.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the fertiliser sources and application methods of copper (Cu) in citrus trees during the first years of fruit production. Two experiments were set up in an orchard with 3-year-old sweet orange trees, which were applied with three sources of Cu (nitrate, sulfate or EDTA) either via fertigation (Experiment 1) or via foliar sprays (Experiment 2). Regardless of the fertiliser source, Cu application via fertigation was not efficacious to increase the micronutrient concentration in leaves and, consequently, did not affect fruit yield. Conversely, foliar application of Cu, either as nitrate or sulfate, increased this nutrient level in leaves but when applied as copper nitrate, visual phytotoxicity symptoms were verified in leaves due to salt accumulation in the plant canopy, which reduced the fruit yield. Considering the plant growth and intensified phytosanitary management of the orchard with the application of copperbased products after the third year of the experiment, the effects of Cu treatments on fruit yield are expected to be negligible as the trees age.

Resumo Analisa a conformação do câncer em problema médico-social relevante no Ceará, entre 1940 e 1954. Nos anos 1940, a doença possuía pouca importância na agenda médica e sanitária local, sendo considerada um problema de filantropia. A partir da ação de um grupo de médicos e seus aliados, o câncer foi posto na pauta dos médicos e da saúde pública, levando à Campanha Contra o Câncer, em 1954. Argumentamos que o enquadramento do câncer como um problema médico-social relevante no Ceará esteve ligado à capacidade desses médicos em agregar aliados internos e externos para ampliar o alcance de suas agendas. Utilizamos artigos médicos, documentos institucionais, biografias, jornais e outros documentos produzidos sobre/pelos personagens envolvidos com as ações anticâncer no Ceará.

Abstract This article addresses the shaping of cancer as a relevant medical and social problem in the Brazilian state of Ceará from 1940 to 1954. While this disease initially garnered little importance on the local medical and health agenda, and was considered a problem for philanthropy, a group of physicians and allies brought cancer to the public health agenda and led to the Campaign Against Cancer in 1954. This group's ability to unite internal and external allies with a broader reach portrayed cancer as a relevant medical and social problem in Ceará. We demonstrate this new portrayal in medical articles, institutional documents, biographies, newspapers, and other documents produced on and by the characters involved with anticancer activities in Ceará.

Resumo O artigo analisa a assimilação de conhecimentos e o desenvolvimento de práticas clínicas e de pesquisa, concernentes aos hormônios sexuais, entre ginecologistas brasileiros. Discute o percurso do pensamento médico da recepção dos hormônios à sua transformação em contraceptivos. O objetivo é compreender estilos de introdução e difusão de tecnologias médicas na área da saúde reprodutiva no Brasil. Utiliza métodos de análise histórica e tem como fonte os Anais Brasileiros de Ginecologia, revista publicada entre 1936 e 1970. O acompanhamento das novidades cientificas sobre hormônios sexuais e seu uso para tratamento de diversas mazelas femininas, desde os primórdios, foi de grande importância para a rápida aceitação médica da contracepção hormonal. Questões científicas e técnicas (efeitos colaterais, dosagens) e a questão populacional compuseram a maior parte dos debates. Objeções da Igreja Católica foram consideradas, mas não pautaram o pensamento médico sobre os contraceptivos. A busca de consolidar a ginecologia como especialidade científica, moderna e cosmopolita e razões sanitárias e demográficas que possibilitavam enquadrar contraceptivos como drogas éticas, são processos subjacentes à assimilação e à metabolização dos hormônios sexuais como contraceptivos hormonais.

Abstract The article analyses knowledge assimilation and the development of clinical and research practices relating to sex hormones among Brazilian gynaecologists. It discusses the paths taken by medical thought from the reception of the hormones to their transformation into contraceptives. Our objective is to comprehend styles of introducing and disseminating medical technologies in the area of reproductive health in Brazil. It uses methods of historical analysis and takes as its source the Anais Brasileiros de Ginecologia, a journal published between 1936 and 1970. From the outset, the accompaniment of scientific breakthroughs in relation to sex hormones and their use to treat diverse female illnesses played a key role in the rapid medical acceptance of hormonal contraception. Scientific and technical questions (side effects, dosages) and the demographic issue formed part of the majority of the debates. Objections from the Catholic Church were considered but did not set the agenda of medical thought on contraceptives. The quest to consolidate gynaecology as a scientific, modern and cosmopolitan area of expertise, along with sanitary and demographic motives that allowed contraceptives to be classed as ethical drugs, are identified as processes underlying the assimilation and metabolization of sex hormones as hormonal contraceptives.

Resumo Norplant® é a marca do primeiro implante hormonal subdérmico contraceptivo registrado no mundo, desenvolvido nos laboratórios do Population Council, organização internacional direcionada ao tema da fertilidade e crescimento populacional. O artigo revisita a trajetória deste contraceptivo no Brasil desde sua chegada, através de pesquisas clínicas, até sua proibição em 1986 pelo órgão brasileiro responsável por medicamentos na ocasião. Sua circulação gerou controvérsias relacionadas a práticas de pesquisa, efeitos colaterais e usos políticos do método. Este artigo concentra sua análise nas divergências relacionadas com as práticas de pesquisa. Utilizou-se a técnica de análise de controvérsia, revisitando as versões dos envolvidos, investigando suas compreensões e os efeitos que este objeto produziu em suas redes. O Norplant® provocou deslocamentos e associações entre grupos da sociedade, autoridades do Estado, cientistas e médicos, indústria, produtos farmacêuticos, procedimentos de pesquisas, instrumentos burocráticos, usuárias de contraceptivos. Estilos de pensamento médico científicos foram sacudidos e novas formas de pensar autonomia científica começaram a ser discutidas no país.

Abstract Norplant® is the brand name of the world's first registered subdermal hormonal contraceptive implant, developed by the laboratories of the Population Council, an international organisation working in the area of fertility and population growth. The article revisits the trajectory of this contraceptive in Brazil from its arrival through clinical trials to its eventual ban in 1986 by the Brazilian regulatory agency responsible for approving medications at the time. Its circulation generated controversies related to research practices, side effects and political uses of the drug as a birth control method. This article focuses its analysis on the divergences related to research practices. It uses a controversy analysis technique, reviewing the versions of those involved, investigating their understandings and the effects that this object generated in their networks. Norplant® provoked displacements and associations between civil society groups, State authorities, scientists and physicians, industry, pharmaceutical products, research procedures, bureaucratic instruments, and the female users of the contraceptives. Scientific styles of medical thought were shaken up and new forms of thinking about scientific autonomy began to be discussed in the country.